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How to Set up a Freshwater Aquarium

Decide where you want to put your tank - this will determine what size you buy
Choose a fish tank that fits the space you have decided on.
Get an aquarium stand that is designed for the dimensions and shape of your tank.
Make sure that the tank comes with a hood (lid), if not, you'll need one of those too.
Choose gravel or sand for the bottom - this is essential to a healthy aquarium (approx. 2-3 inches).
Decide which filtration system you would like to use - the most common and easiest are either undergravel filters or power filters that hang on the back of the tank.
If you decide to go with a power filter, select one that will circulate enough water for the size of your tank. (Ideally, it should circulate 5 gallons of water per hour [gph], per gallon of your tank capacity.
Make sure you get a heater if one doesn't already come with your tank - the fully-submersible ones are the easiest to use.
Put your tank where you want it to live - once it's filled with water you won't be able to move it, so choose the spot wisely. Fish dont like high traffic areas in general.
Fill the tank with about two inches of water, then wait for a half an hour. If there are any leaks, it's better they show up now, rather than when you have filled the entire thing.
For undergravel filters, put the filter plate in, and make sure the lift tubes are fitted.
Spread rinsed gravel in an even layer across the surface of the filter.
Fill the tank with water to just under the rim of the tank - usually a gap of 1" will do.
If you've chosen an external power filter, set it up on the back of the tank in a position where the outflow will evenly distribute the water. Some tank hoods come with pre-perforated cut-outs which make it easier to position your equipment.
Fill the reservoir of the filter with water, and plug it in! Water should smoothly (and quietly) circulate after a couple of minutes. Attach your pump airlines or powerhead into the appropriate lift tube.
Plug in the powerhead/pump. Water should start moving vertically in the lift tube(s).
Install your heater (suction cups) on the inside of the tank. Plug in the heater and install your thermometer. Add the water dechlorinator, according to the instructions on the bottle (if you have not used purified drinking water)
You should wait about 2 weeks at least, and then check everything again. If it all is running smoothly, you're done.
Now you can go about putting in a few fish.